![]() On the other hand, a good agreement with the predicted formulas was found for the reflection coefficient. The comparison revealed that the literature equations tended to underestimate the transmission coefficient due to the critical condition represented by a zero free-board breakwater. The common modes of rubble mound failure are hydraulic damage, erosion of subsoil, slope failures, toe erosion, overtopping, liquefaction of subsoil, crest erosion, and leeside damage. The data for the transmission and reflection coefficients were compared with literature equations. The design of rubble mound breakwaters include hydraulic stability of it against wave actions, structural components design, and geotechnical considerations. Along the leeward side, the current profiles have an offshore direction close to the bottom and a shoreward direction close to the free surface where the reduction of the water depth induced an acceleration of the flow, influenced by the overtopping: the excess of water in the leeward zone flows back through the gap. Results include flow patterns on the seaward and leeward side of the breakwater for both wave conditions, as well as transmission and reflection coefficients. Measurements include surface elevation time series, as well as three-dimensional velocity time series of the flow around the physical model. Two wave conditions were examined: one with an offshore wave height of 2 m(Case A) and one with the maximum annual characteristic offshore wave height(Case B), as they were calculated in prototype scale. For the design of the rock armor layer of the physical model, the van der Meer's hydraulic stability formula was applied. The physical model of scale factor 1/30, was designed in such a way so it resembles part of a system of detached breakwaters located parallel to the shoreline, in a coast of constant slope 1/15, assuming Froude similarity. In this paper, the design of a conventional rubble mound breakwater at the Makran coasts on the southern coast of Iran has been carried out using a commonly applied, as well as a joint probability approach. In the present study, the flow induced by waves around a physical model of a detached low crested rubble mound breakwater is investigated experimentally. ![]() Nowadays low crested breakwaters -rubble barriers constructed with their crest level close to the still water depth - are preferred than emerged ones, since they guarantee better water circulation, less maintenance costs and greater environmental harmonization. Coastal structures are usually designed for shoreline protection and defense of recreational activities. ![]()
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